世界现代化报告：现代化与人类发展（英文版）

Part I Modernization and Human Development
　　The European Welfare State
　　Alberto MARTINELLI
　　Emeritus Prof. of Political Science and Sociology at the University of Milan， Italy
　　Former President of the International Social Science Council， ISSC
　　Co-chair of the IMF
　　The European Union (EU)， with less than 7% of the world population and 22% of the world gross domestic product (GDP) in U.S. $， but only 17% of the purchasing power parity (PPP) of the world， has about 50% of world welfare expenditure (European Commission， 2017). The welfare state， one of the most important institutional innovations of the 20th century， is a European innovation， and together with market economy are component parts of the European Social Model (ESM)， an original blending of capitalism and welfare. The concept is sometimes used to define both the components， some other times only one of the two， i.e.， the European variety of coordinated capitalism or social market economy (with respect to the American variety of market-driven capitalism)， and the welfare state， i.e.， the set of health， education， social security， public assistance services and benefits， labor market norms and industrial relations practices. In this paper， the writer will use the term “welfare state” mostly in the latter sense， with the further specification that the European welfare state means either the complex of what national welfare regimes of EU member countries have in common， or the set of EU norms and policies aiming at coordinating， superseding and integrating EU member countries’ social policies (adding a new supranational layer to the existing regimes); or a unified European welfare state with the same policies for all European citizens (which absorbs and integrates the various national welfare systems). The writer will refer all the three meanings， although the third one reflects the present situation less than the other two.
　　The ESM is a distinctive aspect of the European society with regard to other main societies in the world， such as， first of all， America. The concept is omnipresent in EU documents， which is often used in a normative rather than descriptive sense. The ESM rejects the conception of the self-regulating market and aims at achieving economic competitiveness and social cohesion at the same time. It is an effective institutional device to remedy market failures and ensure social protection， a major way of non-violent conflict resolution through the virtuous circle between social citizenship rights and representative democracy. The sharpening of competition in the global market and the rising costs of the welfare threaten its survival， but the welfare state proves to be very resilient， and the belief that economic competitiveness and solidarity are complementary goals is still widely agreed upon by Europeans.
　　The ESM develops in different forms and through different paths in various EU member countries， but is based on the core of shared values that include representative democracy and individual rights， market competition， freedom of movement，?collective bargaining， equal opportunities， social protection and solidarity. The model is based on the conviction that economic progress and social progress are inseparable. Its main distinguishing characteristics are: a non-residual welfare system， which is not addressed only to the poorest social groups and hence involves high social expenditures (between 20% and 30% of GDP); labor market “flexicurity” aimed at ensuring both incoming and outgoing flexibility for firms and jobs， and wage security for workers; institutionalized industrial relations with inclusive representative organizations and collective bargaining for wages and working conditions. Other characteristics are presented only in some countries， like the involvement of trade unions and business interest associations in economic and social policy-making as well as workers participating in corporate governance (mitbestimmung).
　　1. Welfare state models
　　Speaking of the ESM does not imply neglecting the relevant diversity in member states’ welfare systems. Well-known classification of welfare ideal types can help us to appreciate this diversity， although a word of caution is in order: First， one should not neglect the discordance between ideal types and concrete arrangements where they combine in various ways; second， one should be aware of the inherently static character of ideal types and the false systemic coherence of their component parts， and should not consider one type as the perfect model， evaluating all others in terms of their deviations from it. From the rich literature on comparative welfare systems (such as Esping-Andersen， 1990; Esping- Anderson et al.， 2002; Crouch， 1999; Pierson， 2001; Gallie & Paugam， 2002; Ferrera， 2005; Hemerijck， 2012)， one can identify three main ideal types， which can be defined in terms of basic principles， institutional mechanisms， key actors， entitl

现代化既是一个世界现象，又是一种文明进步。它不仅改变了18世纪以来的世界政治、经济、社会和文化生活，还促进了人类发展、生态文明和国际体系的变迁，同时有助于文化多样性长期存在。世界各国都在开展某种现代化建设，都把实现现代化作为一个发展目标。2019年5月，“第三届世界现代化论坛暨第十七期中国现代化研究论坛”在北京中国科技会堂成功举行，来自亚洲、欧洲和美洲的80多位学者出席论坛，论坛联合主席共同签署了《世界现代化论坛章程》。《Global Modernization Review (III): Modernization and Human Development》是第三届世界现代化论坛的主要成果，包含现代化与人类发展、教育现代化与人类发展、现代科技与人的现代化、健康现代化与人类发展、生态现代化与人类发展、生活质量与现代化等，反映了现代化研究的国际前沿和热点。

Contents
Opening Address
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Part I Modernization and Human Development 1
The European Welfare State 3
“Healthy China 2030”: Goals and Actions 23
Social Policy and Social Development in Latin America 31
Periodic Table of Human Civilization Process 44
How to Assess Human Development 67
Part II Education Modernization and Human Development 77
To Better the Man: Education and Human Development in Modern Romania 79
AI， Human Education and Social Development 90
The Roles of History and Historical Research in a Modernizing Society 96
Modernization of Languages and Writing Systems in Human Development 104
The Government Strategy Towards Education in Modern Russia 113
Modernization and Human Development 121
The Spiritual Motive of Capitalism: From Max Weber to Liah Greenfield 130
The Hot Spots and Development Trends for Education Informatization in China 144
Part III Science & Technology and Human Modernization 149
Ruin-causing Knowledge and Scientific & Technological Crisis: The Biggest
Challenge and Opportunity Confronted by Human Beings 151
The Development of Communication as the Cause and Indicator of Modernity 160
Ophthalmological AI: Requirements and Challenges 165
Development of a System for Primarily Innovative Human Capital in China: A Tentative Exploration 168
Developing Social Enterprises and Cultivating Innovation Entities for Social Governance Modernization 173
Ideological Modernization as the Key Step and Core Content in the Course of Human Modernization 179
The Human Modernization: A Historical Reflection on China’s Road to a Moderately Prosperous Society 184
Informal Networks as a Resource for Humanization of Corporate Activities: Methodological Aspects of Diagnostics 194
The Influence of Digital Nomad on Modernization and Inequality 198
Part IV Health Modernization and Human Development 203
Aging Society and Welfare Policy: A Case of Japan 205
Medicine and Health: Description of and Reflection on the Thalidomide Event 209
A Brief Historical Overview of the World Health Modernization 219
Part V Ecological Modernization and Human Development 223
Research on the Transition to Ecological Civilization 225
China’s National Parks: Development Path and Model 226
The Environmental Modernization and Human Capital Potential of Modern Russia Through the Creative Industries’Development: International Experience and National Specifics 232
Analysis on the Basis and Path of “16+1” Innovation Cooperation 240
Modernization and Exploitation of Nature 248
Chinese Rural Modernization Based on the Construction of Public Cultural Space 251
Part VI Quality of Life and Modernization 255
Immigration and Its Welfare Implications: The Case of Health Policy in Lombardia， Italy 257
Productivity: Anywhere and Anytime 262
Formation， Development and Evolution Path of Modernity in the Process of Human Civilization 265
The Core of Socialist Modernization Is Human Modernization 272
Social Space of Russia: Measuring Tension 276
The Quality of Life in View of Chinese Modernization: With Reference to a Tripartite Model 282
The Role of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine in Facing the Challenges of the Prevalence of Modern Diseases: Moving Forward， Complacent or Being Dragged Behind with Dogmas? — The Crises and Opportunities 283
Appendices 287
Appendix 1 Charter of International Modernization Forum 289
Appendix 2 New Human Development Index 2015 295